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Filename extension | |
---|---|
Uniform Type Identifier (UTI) | com.apple.mach-o-binary |
Developed by | Carnegie Mellon University, Apple Inc. |
Type of format | Binary, executable, object, shared libraries, core dump |
Container for | ARM, SPARC, PA-RISC, PowerPC and x86executable code, memory image dumps |
Clean app cache mac. Mach-O, short for Machobject file format, is a file format for executables, object code, shared libraries, dynamically-loaded code, and core dumps. A replacement for the a.out format, Mach-O offers more extensibility and faster access to information in the symbol table.
Mach-O is used by most systems based on the Mach kernel. NeXTSTEP, macOS, and iOS are examples of systems that use this format for native executables, libraries and object code.
Mach-O file layout[edit]
Mac File Structures And Paths
Each Mach-O file is made up of one Mach-O header, followed by a series of load commands, followed by one or more segments, each of which contains between 0 and 255 sections. Mach-O uses the REL relocation format to handle references to symbols. When looking up symbols Mach-O uses a two-level namespace that encodes each symbol into an 'object/symbol name' pair that is then linearly searched for, first by the object and then the symbol name.[1]
The basic structure—a list of variable-length 'load commands' that reference pages of data elsewhere in the file[2]—was also used in the executable file format for Accent.[citation needed] The Accent file format was in turn, based on an idea from Spice Lisp.[citation needed] Matlab r2011a free download mac.
Multi-architecture binaries[edit]
Under NeXTSTEP, OPENSTEP, macOS, and iOS, multiple Mach-O files can be combined in a multi-architecture binary. This allows a single binary file to contain code to support multiple instruction set architectures. For example, a multi-architecture binary for iOS can have 6 instruction set architectures, namely ARMv6 (for iPhone, 3G and 1st / 2nd generation iPod touch), ARMv7 (for iPhone 3GS, 4, 4S, iPad, 2, 3rd generation and 3rd–5th generation iPod touch), ARMv7s (for iPhone 5 and iPad (4th generation)), ARMv8 (for iPhone 5S), x86 (for iPhone simulator on 32-bit machines) and x86_64 (64-bit simulator).[citation needed] Iphone mouse app mac.
Minimum OS version[edit]
With the introduction of Mac OS X 10.6 platform the Mach-O file underwent a significant modification that causes binaries compiled on a computer running 10.6 or later to be (by default) executable only on computers running Mac OS X 10.6 or later. The difference stems from load commands that the dynamic linker, in previous Mac OS X versions, does not understand. Another significant change to the Mach-O format is the change in how the Link Edit tables (found in the __LINKEDIT section) function. In 10.6 these new Link Edit tables are compressed by removing unused and unneeded bits of information, however Mac OS X 10.5 and earlier cannot read this new Link Edit table format. To make backwards-compatible executables, the linker flag '-mmacosx-version-min=' can be used.
Other implementations[edit]
Some versions of NetBSD have had Mach-O support added as part of an implementation of binary compatibility, which allowed some Mac OS 10.3 binaries to be executed.[3][4] Cant find ipad app for mac.
For Linux, a Mach-O loader was written by Shinichiro Hamaji[5] that can load 10.6 binaries. As a more extensive solution based on this loader, the Darling Project aims at providing a complete environment allowing OS X applications to run on Linux.
For the Ruby programming language, the ruby-macho[6] library provides an implementation of a Mach-O binary parser and editor.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^'OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference'. Apple Inc. February 4, 2009. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
- ^Avadis Tevanian, Jr.; Richard F. Rashid; Michael W. Young; David B. Golub; Mary R. Thompson; William Bolosky; Richard Sanzi. 'A Unix Interface for Shared Memory and Memory Mapped Files Under Mach': 8.Cite journal requires
|journal=
(help) - ^Emmanuel Dreyfus (June 20, 2006). 'Mach and Darwin binary compatiblity [sic] for NetBSD/powerpc and NetBSD/i386'. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
- ^Emmanuel Dreyfus (September 2004), Mac OS X binary compatibility on NetBSD: challenges and implementation(PDF)
- ^Shinichiro Hamaji, Mach-O loader for Linux - I wrote.
- ^William Woodruff, A pure-Ruby library for parsing Mach-O files.
External links[edit]
- OS X ABI Mach-O File Format Reference (Apple Inc.)
Mach-O(5)
– Darwin and macOS File Formats Manual- Mach Object Files (NEXTSTEP documentation)
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mach-O&oldid=972116644'
Basically, a Mac application has a
.app
extension, but it’s not really a file — it’s a package. You can view the application’s contents by navigating to it in the Finder, right-clicking it and then choosing “Show Package Contents”.The internal folder structure may vary between apps, but you can be sure that every Mac app will have a
Contents
folder with a MacOS
subfolder in it. Inside the MacOS
directory, there’s an extension-less file with the exact same name as the app itself. This file can be anything really, but in its simplest form it’s a shell script. As it turns out, this folder/file structure is all it takes to create a functional app!Enter appify
After this discovery, Thomas Aylott came up with a clever “appify” script that allows you to easily create Mac apps from shell scripts. The code looks like this:
Installing and using appify is pretty straightforward if you’re used to working with UNIX. (I’m not, so I had to figure this out.) Here’s how to install it:
- Save the script to a directory in your
PATH
and name itappify
(no extension). I chose to put it in/usr/local/bin
, which requires root privileges. - Fire up Terminal.app and enter
sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/appify
to make appify executable without root privileges.
After that, you can create apps based on any shell script simply by launching Terminal.app and entering something like this: How to convert exe to mac app. Jabber for mac 11.5 download.
Obviously, this would create a stand-alone application named
Your App Name.app
that executes the your-shell-script.sh
script.Windows server 2007 iso download. After that, you can very easily add a custom icon to the app if you want to.
Adding a custom app icon
- Create an
.icns
file or a 512×512 PNG image with the icon you want, and copy it to the clipboard (⌘ + C). (Alternatively, copy it from an existing app as described in steps 2 and 3.) - Right-click the
.app
file of which you want to change the icon and select “Get Info” (or select the file and press ⌘ + I). - Select the app icon in the top left corner by clicking it once. It will get a subtle blue outline if you did it right.
- Now hit ⌘ + V (paste) to overwrite the default icon with the new one.
Note that this will work for any file or folder, not just
.app
files.Examples
Mac App File Structure Tutorial
Chrome/Chromium bootstrappers
Mac File Structure
I like to run Chrome/Chromium with some command-line switches or flags enabled. On Windows, you can create a shortcut and set the parameters you want in its properties; on a Mac, you’ll need to launch it from the command line every time. Well, not anymore :)
The
&
at the end is not a typo; it is there to make sure Chromium is launched in a separate thread. Without the &
, Chromium would exit as soon as you quit Terminal.app.Launch a local web server from a directory
Say you’re working on a project and you want to debug it from a web server. The following shell script will use Python to launch a local web server from a specific directory and open the index page in your default browser of choice. After appifying it, you won’t even need to open the terminal for it anymore.
More?
Needless to say, the possibilities are endless. Just to give another example, you could very easily create an app that minifies all JavaScript and CSS files in a specific folder. Got any nice ideas? Let me know by leaving a comment!